is suggested in

υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’

① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant

ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.

ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).

ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.

ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.

② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1

ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.

ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).

ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing

α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).

β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).

ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus

α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 4, Rel.³ 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.

β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen² 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.² ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums² ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.

γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.³ 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.³ 418ff; Clemen² 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.² 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf² ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach³, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `liver' (Il.).

Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἡπατοσκοπέω `inspect the liver (to predict the future)' (LXX).

Derivatives: ἡπάτιον name of a dish (Ar.); ἡπατῖτις f. `belonging to the liver' (Hp.), also name of a stone and a plant (Plin., Ps.-Dsc.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της [s. index], Strömberg Pflanzennamen 41); ἡπατ-ικός, - ιαῖος, - ίας, - ηρός `referring to the liver' (Hp.); ἥπατος m. name of a fish (com., Arist.; Strömberg Fischnamen 45f.; after Thompson Fishes s. v. Egyptian [?]).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [504] * iekʷ-r `liver'

Etymology: The IE word for `liver', *i̯ekʷr̥(-t), gen. *i̯ekʷn-és (-ós) is also retained in Skt. yákr̥t, yakn-ás and indirectly in Lat. iecur, iecin-or-is. In other languages the r\/n-stem was given up: OAv. yākarǝ, MPers. ǰakar, NPers. ǰigar (but Pashto yī̆na; note OIran. huyāɣna-, acc. to Krause KZ 56, 304ff. for * ha-yākana- prop. "of common liver"), OLith. (j)ẽknos f. pl. Often new names were created, e. g. NGr. συκώτι (: σῦκον), Lat. fīcātum (\> French foie), Russ. péčenь (from pekú `bake'; thus Lith. kẽpenos from kepù `id.'). Other new words: Germ., e. g. OHG lebara (cf. on λίπος), Arm. leard (with the ending of *i̯ekʷr̥t), Hitt. li-e-ši; further s. Buck Synonyms 251f. -Attempts to connect the l-forms with *i̯ekʷr̥t assuming an anlaut li̯- have failed (J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 198f.; Benveniste Origines 132). See W.-Hofmann s. iecur, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. (j)ẽknos; cf. Winter Lang. 31, 4ff. - Szemerényi, KZ 73 (1956) 191 suggested that the Greek vowellength must be explained from Greek, and suggested ἦτορ; thus Kortlandt.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: Att. νῆττα, Boeot. (Ar. Ach. 875) νᾶσσα f. `duck' (IA.).

Derivatives: Diminutiva νηττάριον (Ar., Men.), νηττίον (Nicostr. Com.), νησσίον (pap. VI--VII^p).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [41] * h₂enh₂t- `duck'.

Etymology: Formation in - ια like μυῖα, κίσσα and many other animal-names (Chantraine Form. 98). Besides there is in Baltic, partly also in Slavic an i-stem, e.g. Lith. ántis, WRuss. úc f. (PSlav. *ǫtь) `duck', perhaps also in Skt. ātí-, ātī́ f. name of a waterbird (because of the unknown meaning not certain, s. Mayrhofer s.v.); in Slavic also an ū-stem, e.g. ORuss. uty, gen. utъve (PSlav. *ǫty). We must start from a t-stem, which was in diff. ways extended, but in Lat. anas, anat-is, gen. pl. anat(i)um, partly also in German., e.g. OHG anut (pl. enti i-st.), OWNo. pl. endr (sg. ǫnd second. ō-stem) still retained. On the complicated ablaut s. Schwyzer 361, Kuhn KZ 71, 146. -- Details w. lit. in WP. 1,60, Pok. 41 f., W.-Hofmann s. anas, Fraenkel s. ántis, Vasmer s. útka I. The form h2enHt- however, suggested by Lithuaninan and Latin, would give *ἀν- in Greek. No sulution has been found for this. Rix. HS 104(1991)186-192 suggested a dissimilation of h₂ - h₂ to s - h₂, with adaptation to the root of νήχ-ω `swim', which is only a remote possibility.

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ἀγαπάω impf. ἠγάπων; fut. ἀγαπήσω; 1 aor. ἠγάπησα; pf. ἠγάπηκα, ptc. ἠγαπηκώς; plpf. 3 sg. ἠγαπήκει Is. 2:25. Pass.: 1 fut. ἀγαπηθήσομαι; 1 aor. 2 sg. ἠγαπήθης Sir 47:16; pf. ptc. ἠγαπημένος (in var. mngs. Hom.+.—STromp de Ruiter, Gebruik en beteekenis van ἀγαπᾶν in de Grieksche Litteratuur 1930; CRichardson, Love: Gk. and Christian, JR 23, ’43,173–85).

① to have a warm regard for and interest in another, cherish, have affection for, love

ⓐ by human beings (Pind., Pla. et al.)

α. to a broad range of persons, apart from recipients of special devotion, for which see β; w. obj. given γυναῖκας Eph 5:25, 28, 33 (on proper attitude of the husband cp. Plut., Mor. 142e); Col 3:19; ὡς ἀδελφήν Hv 1, 1, 1. τὸν πλησίον Mt 5:43; 19:19; 22:39; Mk 12:31, 33 (on 33b s. Aristaen., Ep. 2, 13, end φιλῶ σε ὡς ἐμαυτήν); Ro 13:9; Gal 5:14; Js 2:8; B 19:5 (all quots. fr. Lev 19:18); s. πλησίον 2; τὸν ἕτερον Ro 13:8. τὸν ἀδελφόν 1J 2:10; 3:10; 4:20f. τοὺς ἀδελφούς 3:14. τὰ τέκνα τοῦ θεοῦ 5:2. ἀλλήλους J 13:34; 15:12, 17; 1J 3:11, 23; 4:7, 11f; 2J 5; Ro 13:8; 1 Th 4:9. τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας Mt 5:46; Lk 6:32. τὸ ἔθνος ἡμῶν 7:5. τοὺς ἐχθρούς Mt 5:44; Lk 6:27, 35; s. WvanUnnik, NovT 8, ’66, 284–300, and s. ἐχθρός 2bβ; ἀ. τινα ὑπὲρ τὴν ψυχήν love someone more than one’s own life B 1:4; 4:6; 19:5; D 2:7 (cp. Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 42 ὑπερφυῶς ἀ.; Kaibel 716, 5 φίλους ὑπὲρ ἁτὸν [=αὑτὸν] ἐτίμα). εἰ περισσοτέρως ὑμᾶς ἀγαπῶ, ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι; if I love you the more, am I to be loved less? 2 Cor 12:15; ἀ. πολύ, ὀλίγον show much or little affection Lk 7:47; cp. πλεῖον ἀγαπήσει αὐτόν will love him more vs. 42 (on the love-hate pair s. AFridrichsen, Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok 5, ’40, 152–62.—The meaning be grateful is suggested for Lk 7:42 by HWood, ET 66, ’55, 319, after JJeremias. See Jos., Bell. 1, 392 and Ps 114:1 LXX). Abs. ἡμεῖς ἀγαπῶμεν 1J 4:19. πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν vs. 7. ὁ μὴ ἀγαπῶν vs. 8. W. indication of the kind of affection: ἀ. ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χρ. I Mg 6:2. Opp. μισεῖν (Dt 21:15–17) Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13.

β. to transcendent recipients of special devotion: to Jesus 1 Pt 1:8. Esp. in J: 8:42; 14:15, 21, 23f; 21:15f (always spoken by Jesus).—On the last passage s. AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 14, ’35, 46–49; EMcDowell, RevExp 32, ’35, 422–41; Goodsp., Probs. 116–18; JScott, ClW 39, ’45–’46, 71f; 40, ’46–’47, 60f; M-EBoismard, RB 54, ’47, 486f.—ἀ. and φιλέω may be used interchangeably here (cp. the freq. interchange of synonyms elsewh. in the same chapter [βόσκειν–ποιμαίνειν, ἀρνία–προβάτια, ἑλκύειν–σύρειν], but s. KMcKay, NovT 27, ’85, 319–33; also φιλέω).—To God (Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 61; Sextus 442; 444; ParJer 6:6; LXX; Philo, Post. Caini 69; Jos., Ant. 7, 269; TestBenj 3:1; 4:5) Mt 22:37; Mk 12:30, 33; Lk 10:27 (all Dt 6:5); Ro 8:28; 1 Cor 2:9; 8:3. Of affection for the Creator B 19:2.

ⓑ of the affection of transcendent beings

α. for ordinary human beings (Dio Chrys. 3, 60 ἀγαπώμενος ὑπὸ θεῶν; 79 [28], 13; CIG 5159 Βρουτταρᾶτος, ὸ̔ν ἀγαπᾷ ἡ Φαρία ῏Ισις; Norden, Agn. Th. 225 ὸ̔ν Ἄμμων ἀγαπᾷ; 226 [= OGI 90, 4]; s. β below; LXX; Jos., Ant. 8, 173; 314; TestNapht 8:4, 10) Ro 8:37; 9:13 (Mal 1:2); 2 Th 2:16; Hb 12:6 (Pr 3:12); J 14:21 (τηρηθήσεται P⁷⁵); 1J 4:10, 19; 1 Cl 56:4 (Pr 3:12). ἱλαρὸν δότην 2 Cor 9:7.—Jesus’ affection for people Ἰ. ἠγάπησεν αὐτον J. liked him or was fond of him Mk 10:21 (displayed affection, caressed him has also been suggested; cp. X., Cyr. 7, 5, 50; Plut., Pericl. 152 [1, 1] al.).—Gal 2:20; Eph 5:2; J 11:5; 15:9; B 1:1. Of the beloved disciple J 13:23; 19:26; 21:7, 20; s. Hdb.³ on J 13:23, also JMaynard, JSOR 13, 1929, 155–59; Bultmann ad loc. et al.; AKragerud, Der Lieblingsjünger im Johannesevangelium, ’59; LJohnson, ET 77, ’66, 157f; see also μαθητής 2bα.—W. pf. pass. ptc. (cp. β) ἀδελφοὶ ἠ. ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ (cp. Sir 45:1; 46:13) 1 Th 1:4; 2 Th 2:13; ἅγιοι καὶ ἠ. Col 3:12; τοῖς ἐν θεῷ πατρὶ ἠγαπημένοις Jd 1; ἐκκλησία ἠ. ITr ins; IRo ins.—Ro 9:25 (Hos 2:25 v.l.).

β. for other transcendent beings: God’s love for Jesus J 3:35; 10:17; 17:26, from before creation 17:24. Here belongs also the pf. pass. ptc. the one loved by God (cp. Dt 32:15; 33:5, 26; Is 44:2) as designation of Jesus (cp. ParJer 3:11; AscIs 3:4; TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 6 [Stone p. 4] Ἀβραὰμ τὸν ἠ. μου φίλον; OGI 90, 4 [II B.C.] an Egyptian king is ἠγαπημένος ὑπό τοῦ Φθᾶ; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 109, 12 [III B.C.] a king ἠγαπημένος ὑπὸ τ. Ἴσιδος) Eph 1:6; B 3:6; 4:3, 8. ἠγαπημένος παῖς αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 59:2f; υἱὸς ἠ. Hs 9, 12, 5. Of Jerusalem τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἠ. (Sir 24:11) Rv 20:9.—S. the lit. on φιλέω 1a.—Jesus’ love for God J 14:31.

② to have high esteem for or satisfaction with someth., take pleasure in (Aesop, Fab. 156 P.)—Appian, Mithrid. 57 §230 τὰ προτεινόμενα=the proffered terms. PsSol 14:6 ἡμέραν ἐν μετοχῇ ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν day of partnership in their sin. Also striving after someth. (Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 124 Jac. τιμήν; Diod. S 11, 46, 2 τ. πλοῦτον; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 49 §215 citizenship; SIG 1268 I, 9 [III B.C.] φιλίαν ἀγάπα=‘value friendship’; pap of early Ptolemaic times in WCrönert, NGG 1922, 31; Ps 39:17; Sir 3:26) τὴν πρωτοκαθεδρίαν καὶ τοὺς ἀσπασμούς Lk 11:43. μισθὸν ἀδικίας 2 Pt 2:15. τὸν κόσμον 1J 2:15. τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα 2 Ti 4:10; Pol 9:2. δικαιοσύνην (Wsd 1:1; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 79, 22) Hb 1:9 (Ps 44:8). σεμνότητα Hm 5, 2, 8. τὴν ἀλήθειαν (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 296; TestReub 3:9) 1 Cl 18:6 (Ps 50:8); Hm 3:1. Opp. ἀ. ψεύδη B 20:2. ὅρκον ψευδῆ 2:8 (Zech 8:17). μᾶλλον τὸ σκότος ἢ τὸ φῶς J 3:19 (on ἀγ. μᾶλλον w. acc. cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 350 and see μᾶλλον 3c); ἀ. τὴν δόξαν τ. ἀνθρώπων μᾶλλον ἤπερ τ. δ. τοῦ θεοῦ value the approval of human beings more highly than that of God 12:43 (cp. Pla. Phdr. 257e). ζωήν enjoy life (Sir 4:12) 1 Pt 3:10; also τὴν ψυχήν (Sir 30:23 v.l.) Rv 12:11.—Hence long for τὶ someth. (Ps 39:17) τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ his appearing 2 Ti 4:8. W. inf. fol. wish (Anton. Lib. 40, 1 ἠγάπησεν ἀεὶ παρθένος εἶναι) ἀ. ἡμέρας ἱδεῖν ἀγαθάς to see good days 1 Cl 22:2 (Ps 33:13). τὸ παθεῖν wish for martyrdom ITr 4:2.—ἀγάπην ἀ. (2 Km 13:15) show love J 17:26; Eph 2:4; show one’s admiration τὰ δεσμά for my bonds i.e. they were not embarrassed by them IPol 2:3 (not kiss; there is so far no evidence for that mng. of ἀ.).—ISm 7:1 the context seems to require for ἀ. the sense ἀγάπην ποιεῖν (8:2)=hold a love-feast, but so far this mng. cannot be confirmed lexically. But since the noun ἀγάπη is used absolutely in 6:2 in the sense ‘concern for’ someone, it may be that ἀγαπᾶν in 7:1 refers to acts of kindness.

③ to practice/express love, prove one’s love J 13:1, 34 (perh. an allusion to the agape or love-feast, s. ἀγάπη 2). Abs. w. indication of the means μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν λόγῳ μηδὲ τῇ γλώσσῃ ἀλλὰ ἐν ἔργῳ let us show our love with deeds as well as w. word or tongue (TestGad 6:1 ἀγαπήσατε ἀλλήλους ἐν ἔργῳ) 1J 3:18; cp. ἀ. τῷ στόματι love w. the mouth 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:36 Swete; ed. Rahlfs ’31 v.l.).—RJoly, Le vocabulaire chretien de l’amour est-il original? ’68.—B. 1110. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος (v.l. ἀλλοτριοεπίσκοπος, s. Mlt-H. 272; B-D-F §124), ου, ὁ (elsewh. only Dionys. Areop., Ep. 8: MPG III 1089c ἀλλοτριοεπίσκοπος; cp. Epiphanius of Constantia [Salamis], Ancoratus 12; s. Lampe s.v.) a word whose meaning has not yet been determined w. certainty; w. φονεύς, κλέπτης, κακοποιός 1 Pt 4:15. EZeller, SBBerlAK 1893, 129ff, referring to the claim by Cynic preachers to be overseers (ἐπίσκοποι) of all men (Epict. 3, 22, 97 οὐ τὰ ἀλλότρια πολυπραγμονεῖ ὅταν τὰ ἀνθρώπινα ἐπισκοπῇ ἀλλὰ τὰ ἴδια), interprets the word as mng. one who meddles in things that do not concern the pers., a busybody (sim. REB. NRSV: mischief maker; s. PWendland, Kultur² 1912, 82, 1; Zahn, Einl. II 39f; ESelwyn, Comm. ’46 ad loc. Cp. ἀλλοτρίοις ἐπίσκοπος 1 Pt 4:15 P⁷², ‘meddling in other people’s affairs’=Lat. ‘alienis custos’.). But it is questionable whether such behavior would merit the kind of reprisal suggested by the context. Therefore a more serious type of crime has been suggested, and the proximity of κλέπτης has led to the conjecture concealer of stolen goods. For spy, informer (Lat. delator) s. AHilgenfeld, Einl. 1875, 630. Dssm., NB 51, 5=BS 224, 4 (BGU 531 II, 22 [II A.D.] οὔτε εἰμὶ ἄδικος οὔτε ἀλλοτρίων ἐπιθυμητής) suggests revolutionist (s. A Bischoff, ZNW 7, 1906, 271–74; 9, 1908, 171; PSchmidt, ZWT 50, 1908, 26ff). KErbes, ZNW 19, 1920, 39–44; 20, 1921, 249 considers it a Christian coinage, aimed at neglectful bishops. Tertullian, Scorp. 12 ‘alieni speculator’. Cyprian, Test. 3, 37 ‘curas alienas agens’. Vulg. ‘alienorum adpetitor’.—JBauer, BZ n.s. 22, ’78, 109–15.—DELG. M-M. TW.

V 0-0-0-1-9=10 Est 8,12a; 1 Ezr 2,12.19; 1 Mc 8,25.27

A: to write below 3 Mc 2,30

P: to be indicated to, to be suggested to [τινι] 1 Mc 8,25; to be subscribed, to be copied below 1 Ezr 2,12

τὴν ὑπογεγραμμένην ἐπιστολήν the following letter 2 Mc 9,18

→NIDNTT

διαδρηστεύω or [full] διαδρηπετεύω,

A run off, go over to, suggested emendations for διεπρήστευσε in Hdt.4.79.

ζῶ ([var] contr. fr. ζώω: ζάω only in Gramm., EM410.38), ζῇς (Choerob. in Theod.2.28), ζῇ, ζῆτε (but ζῆς, ζῆ acc. to Anon. ap. EM410.48, Sophronius ap.Choerob.in Theod.2.416); imper.

A

ζῆ S.Fr. 167

, E.IT 699, ζῆθι (as if from ζῆμι, cf. EM l.c.) Pherecr.11 D., Men.Mon. 191, AP10.43,

σύ-ζηθι Philem.

ap. Et.Gen. s.v. ζῆ; opt. ζῴην; inf. ζῆν: [tense] impf.

ἔζων S.El. 323

, Ar.Ra. 1072; ἔζην in most codd. of D.24.7 is a form suggested by ἔζης, ἔζη; [ per.] 3pl.

ἔζων Ar.V. 709

, Pl.Lg. 679c: [tense] fut.

ζήσω Ar.Pl. 263

, Pl.R. 465d, Men.Mon. 186, [Epich.] 267,

ζήσομαι Hp.Nat.Puer.30

, D.25.82, Arist.Pol. 1327b5: [tense] aor. 1

ἔζησα Hp. Prog.1

, AP7.470 (Mel.), Plu.2.786a, etc.: [tense] pf.

ἔζηκα Arist.Metaph. 1048b25

, D.H.5.68, etc.: but in [dialect] Att. [tense] aor. and [tense] pf. are mostly supplied from βιόω.- Exc. part. ζῶντος, Il.1.88, Hom. always uses the [dialect] Ep. [dialect] Ion. Lyr. [tense] pres. [full] ζώω (also in Pi.O.2.25, Hdt.7.46, al., Diog.Apoll.4, Herod.2.29, IG12(8).600.9 ([place name] Thasos), and Trag. (in lyr.), S.El. 157, OC 1213, cf. BCH47.95 ([place name] Cavalla), Bull.Soc.Arch.Bulg.7.13 ([place name] Macedonia); subj.

ζώῃ IG12(8).262.12

(Thasos, v B.C.), cf. Schwyzer 339, al. (Delph.), [var] contr.

ζῷ Berl.Sitzb.1927.161

([place name] Cyrene); Cret. [full] δώω Leg.Gort.4.21, al.); inf. ζωέμεναι, -έμεν, Od.7.140,24.436: [tense] impf.

ἔζωον 22.245

, Hes.Op. 112, Hdt.4.112; [dialect] Ion.

ζώεσκον Hes.Op.90

, Bion 1.30: [tense] aor. 1 ἔζωσα ([etym.] ἐπ-) Hdt.1.120; inf.

ζῶσαι IG11(4).1299

([place name] Delos): [tense] pf. part.

ἐζωκότα BMus.Inscr.1009

([place name] Cyzicus); inf.

ζόειν Semon.1.17

: [tense] impf.

ζόεν AP13.21

(Theodorid.). (Root g[uglide]iē-, g[uglide]iō- also in βίος and ὑγιής (q.v.).)

I prop. of animal life, live, Hom. (v. infr.), etc.; also of plants,

τὸ ζῆν κοινὸν εἶναι φαίνεται καὶ τοῖς φυτοῖς Arist.EN 1097b33

; ἐλέγχιστε ζωόντων vilest of living men, Od.10.72;

ζώειν καὶ ὁρᾶν φάος ἠελίοιο Il. 24.558

;

ζῶντος καὶ ἐπὶ χθονὶ δερκομένοιο 1.88

, cf. Od.16.439;

ζῶν καὶ βλέπων A.Ag. 677

;

ζώει τε καὶ ἔστιν Od.24.263

;

ζώντων καὶ ὄντων D. 18.72

;

τοῦ εἶναί τε καὶ ζῆν ἕνεκα Pl.R. 369d

;

ζῶσα πόλις καὶ ἐγρηγορυῖα Id.Lg. 809d

;

ζῶν καὶ ἔμψυχος Id.Phdr. 276a

; ῥεῖα ζώοντες living at ease, of the gods, Il.6.138, al.; ζῶν κατακαυθῆναι to be burnt alive, Hdt.1.86: c. acc. temp.,

ζ. ἤματα πάντα h.Ven. 221

, etc.;

ὀλίγα ἔτεα Hdt.3.22

: c. dat. modi, δμῶες.. ἄλλα τε πολλὰ οἷσίν τ' εὖ ζώουσι whereby men live in comfort, Od.17.423, cf. D.60.5;

κοράκων πονηρίᾳ Ar.Th. 868

; ἐπὶ τοῖς αἰσχίστοις ἔργοις, ἐπὶ τοῖς παροῦσιν ἀγαθοῖς, And.1.100, Isoc.10.18; also ζῆν ἀπό τινος to live on a thing, Thgn. 1156, Hdt.1.216, 2.36,4.22, Ar. Pax 850, etc.;

ἔκ τινος Id.Ec. 591

, D. 57.36, 1 Ep.Cor.9.14: c. part.,

ζῆν συκοφαντῶν And.1.99

;

ἐργαζόμενοι Arist.Pol. 1292b27

: c. dat. commodi, ζῆν ἑαυτῷ for oneself, dub. l. in E. Ion 646, cf. Ar.Pl. 470, Men.507; τὸ ζῆν,= ζωή, A.Pr. 681, Pl. Phd. 77d (without Art.

εἰς ἕτερον ζ. Id.Ax. 365d

);

διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ζῆν Ep.Hebr.2.15

; also, a living,

τὸ ζ. οὐκ ἔχομεν OGI515.57

(Mylasa, iii A.D.); ζήτω ὁ βασιλεύς long live the king, LXX 1 Ki.10.24; βασιλεῦ, εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ζῆθι ib.Da.3.9; asseverations, ζῶ ἐγώ, καὶ ζῶν τὸ ὄνομά μου, καί.. ib.Nu.14.21; ζῇ κύριος, εἰ.., ὅτι.. , ib.1 Ki.19.6, 29.6; ζῇ ἡ ψυχή σου, εἰ οἶδα ib.17.55.

2 = βιόω, live, pass one's life, c. acc. cogn.,

ζώεις δ' ἀγαθὸν βίον Od.15.491

;

ζ. βίον μοχθηρόν S.El. 599

, cf. E.Med. 249, Ar.V. 506, etc.;

ζόην τὴν αὐτήν Hdt.4.112

, cf. Pl.R. 344e;

τὸν βίον ἀσφαλῶς Philem.213.5

;

ἥδιστον ἀνθρώπων βίον S.Fr.583.4

;

νυμφίων βίον Ar.Av. 161

; also

ζ. ἀβλαβεῖ βίῳ S.El. 650

, cf.Tr. 168;

εὖ ζῆν Id.Ph. 505

;

κακῶς Id.OC 799

;

ζ. δοῦλος Id.OT 410

; ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων ὧν ἔζης from the other acts of your life, D.21.134; ποιεῖσθαι φθόνον ἐξ ὧν ζῇς ib.196.

3 [tense] aor. 1 ἔζησα, causal, quicken,

ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ σου ζῆσόν με LXXPs.118(119).37

, al.

II live in the fullest sense,

δι' ὧν ζῆν ἐπιστάμεθα X.Mem.3.3.11

, etc.;

βιοὺς μὲν ἔτη τόσα, ζήσας δὲ ἔτη ἑπτά D.C.69.19

; in religious or mystical sense, Ep.Rom.7.9, al., cf. Ramsay Cilies and Bishoprics 2p.565 (Phryg.);

θεὸς ζῶν LXXDe.5.26(23)

, etc.: freq. metaph. of things, to be in full vigour,

ὄλβος ζώει μάσσων Pi.I.3.5

;

ἄτης θύελλαι ζῶσι A.Ag. 819

;

ζῶντι χρώμενος ποδί S.Fr. 790

; [

μαντεῖα] αἰεὶ ζῶντα περιποτᾶται Id.OT 482

; ἀεὶ ζῇ ταῦτα [νόμιμα] Id.Ant. 457; τὰς ξυμφορὰς τῶν βουλευμάτων ζώσας μάλιστα have most living power, Id.OT45;

λόγια ζῶντα Act.Ap.7.38

;

χρόνῳ τῷ ζῶντι καὶ παρόντι S.Tr. 1169

; ζῶσα φλόξ living fire, E.Ba.8; ὕδωρ ζῶν spring water, LXXNu.5.17 (and metaph., Ev.Jo.4.10);

ζώσης φωνῆς Cic.Att.2.12.2

.

θύννος, ὁ,

A tunny-fish, Orac. ap. Hdt.1.62, A.Pers. 424, Arist.HA 571a12, al., Ath.7.301e sqq.;

θηρεύειν θύννον Phld.Rh.1.251S.

(The connexion with θύνω, suggested by the line

θύννοι μὲν θύνοντες, ἐν ἰχθύσιν ἔξοχοι ὁρμήν Opp.H.1.181

, is dub.)

λῠσῐ-παίγμων, ον, gen. ονος,

A letting loose, i.e. giving, play or sport, Anacreont.48.9. (As all other Adjs. (exc. sq.) compd. with λυσι- have [pron. full] ῡ, Herm. suggested λυροπαίγμων.)

μελαγ-κέρως, ων,

A black-horned, of Agamemnon, A.Ag.11.27 (lyr., the epith. being suggested by the preceding words, ἄπεχε τῆς βοὸς τὸν ταῦρον): but cod. [voice] Med. is corrected to μελαγκέρῳ ( = μέλανι ) agreeing with μηχανήματι.

μετα-χρόνιος, ον, poet. α, ον, ([etym.] χρόνος) prop.,

A = μετάχρονος, happening afterwards, Tryph.1; of an oracle post eventum, Luc.Alex. 28; delayed, Gal.19.522.

II = μετέωρος, high in air, μεταχρόνιαι γὰρ ἴαλλον [Ἅρπυιαι] Hes.Th. 269, cf. A.R.2.300, al., Pae.Oxy.660.13, Nonn.D.20.289,42.1: μεταχθόνιος is suggested in Sch.A.R.2.587; but Gramm. recognize this use of μεταχρόνιος, Hsch. s.v. μεταίσιον (leg. μετάρσιον), Apollon.Lex., EM581.41, Suid.

μὴ ὅπως and [full] μὴ ὅτι, elliptic phrases, μὴ [ λέγε] or μὴ [ ὑπολάβητε] ὅπως or ὅτι.. (as οὐχ ὅπως for οὐ λέγω ὅπως), stronger than οὐχ ὅπως,

A not to speak of.., let alone..,

I folld. by other Conjs.,

1 μὴ ὅπως or μὴ ὅτι, not only not, folld. by ἀλλ' οὐδέ, as

μὴ ὅπως ὀρχεῖσθαι.., ἀλλ' οὐδ' ὀρθοῦσθαι ἐδύνασθε X.Cyr.1.3.10

; οὐκ ἂν.. ἐργαζοίμεθα μὴ ὅτι τὴν τούτων, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἂν τὴν ἡμετέραν ib.3.2.21, cf. D.30.20,21.

2 μὴ ὅτι folld. by ἀλλά and a neg. or suggested neg., as

μὴ ὅτι ἰδιώτην τινά, ἀλλὰ τὸν μέγαν βασιλέα Pl.Ap. 40d

, cf.Prt. 319d, etc.;

μὴ ὅτι θεός, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄνθρωποι οὐ φιλοῦσι X.Cyr.7.2.17

.

II in second clause, the first being usu. neg. or suggesting a neg.,

οὐδὲ ἀναπνεῖν, μὴ ὅτι λέγειν τι δυνησόμεθα Id.Smp.2.26

, cf. Pl.Phdr. 240e, Tht. 161d: after a question expecting a neg. answer, δοκεῖ σοι ῥᾴδιον εἶναι διδάξαι ὁτιοῦν πρᾶγμα, μὴ ὅτι τοσοῦτον; Id.Cra. 427e; [

ἁρμονίαι] ἄχρηστοι καὶ γυναιξίν, μὴ ὅτι ἀνδράσι Id.R. 398e

: more strongly μὴ ὅτι γε δὴ .. D.54.17 codd.;

μὴ ὅτι γε τοσούτου χρόνου ἐπιγεγονότος UPZ59.23

(ii B. C.).

μῶν, Adv., [var] contr. for μὴ οὖν, μῶν χαραδριὸν περνᾷς· Hippon.52: freq. in Trag., Com., and Pl.; usu. in questions to which a neg. answer is suggested,

A surely not? μῶν ἄλγος ἴσχεις; you are not in pain, are you? S.Ph. 734, cf. E.Hec. 676, 754, Hel. 1198, Achae.9, Ar. Lys.69, Pl.Prt. 310d.—Its origin from μὴ οὖν was forgotten, hence μῶν οὖν ..; in A.Ch. 177, E.Andr.82; μῶν οὖν δῆτα ..; Ar.Pl. 845: sts. also μῶν μὴ ..; Pl.Phd. 84c, R. 505c; also μῶν οὐ ..; suggesting an affirm. answer, A.Supp. 417, S.OC 1729 (lyr.), Pl.Sph. 234a, etc.

οὕνεκα, and (usu. before a vowel) [full] οὕνεκεν (first in Pi., v. infr.): relat. Conj. for οὗ ἕνεκα,

A on account of which, wherefore,

δὸς δ'.. ἐμὲ πρήξαντα νέεσθαι, οὕ. δεῦρ' ἱκόμεσθα Od.3.61

;

ἡ δ' Ἄτη σθεναρή τε καὶ ἀρτίπος, οὕ. πάσας.. ὑπεκπροθέει Il.9.505

;

οὕνεκεν τὸ πεποναμένον εὖ μὴ.. κρυπτέτω Pi.P.9.93

.

2 correlat. to τοὔνεκα, because, after

τοῦδ' ἕνεκα Il.1.111

; after

τῷ Od.13.332

: but usu. without any antec. expressed, Il.1.11, etc.;

οὕνεκ' ἄρα 7.140

, 11.79;

οὕ. δή 3.403

, cf. Pi. N.9.36, A.Supp. 639 (lyr.), Fr. 374, S.Ph. 586, al.;

οὕνεκα πιστὸς ἔφυς IG12.1017

;

οὕνεκεν πλεῖ τὴν θάλασσαν Herod.2.21

.

3 like ὅτι, that, i.e. the fact that, after

οἶδα Od.5.216

;

ἔγνω h.Ap. 376

;

ἐνόησε Od.7.300

;

ἐρέει 16.379

, cf. 330, 15.42;

τόδε.. νεμέσσα 23.214

: in Trag., after

ἴσθι S.Ph. 232

;

ἐννοεῖν Id.Ant.63

;

μαθεῖν Id.OT 708

;

αἰσθάνεσθαι Id.El. 1478

;

λέγειν E.IA 102

.

II οὕνεκα (in this sense rarely οὕνεκεν, Herod.1.84), as Prep. c. gen., = simple ἕνεκα, εἵνεκα, on account of, because of, sts. following its case, Sol.37.5: freq. in Trag., as A.Pr. 347, Ag. 823, S.Ph. 774, El. 387, al. (S. never uses ἕνεκα); whereas reversely in Call., A.R.4.1523, and even in h.Ven. 199, εἵνεκα, ἕνεκα (q. v.) are used for οὕνεκα, because.—It has been suggested that the [dialect] Ion. form εἵνεκα shd. be restd. for οὕνεκα, wherever it occurs as a Prep.; εἵνεκα occasionally occurs in Mss., as A.Supp. 188, Ar. Pax 210, Lys.74, Ec. 659: but οὕνεκα as a Prep. freq. occurs in Inscrr., IG12.802, 1037, 2.1334.11, etc.; οὕνεκεν χρόνου in respect of years, Poet. in PMich.Zen.77.9 (iii B. C.).—Poet. word, rare and late in [dialect] Att. Prose, IG2 l.c. (iii A. D.), f.l. in Th.6.56, D.49.36,53, 59.39.

Παιάν, ᾶνος, ὁ, [dialect] Ep. [full] Παιήων, ονος, [dialect] Att., [dialect] Ion. [full] Παιών, ῶνος (v. sub fin.), [dialect] Aeol. [full] Πάων, ονος, Sapph.Supp. 20c.5:— Paean or Paeon, the physician of the gods, Il.5.401, 899, cf. Pi.P.4.270; Παιήονος γενέθλη, i.e. physicians, Od.4.232.

2 title of Apollo (later as epith.,

Ἀπόλλωνι Παιᾶνι BCH11.94

([place name] Hierocaesarea);

ὦ βασιλεῦ Π... Ἄπολλον BMus.Inscr.1151

);

ἰὴ Παιήον' ἄειδον h.Ap. 517

, cf. Call.Hec.1.1.10 (in Id.Ap. 103 ἱὴ ἱὴ Παιήον', ἵει βέλος an etym. from ἵημι may be suggested); ἰὴ Παιών GDIiv p.884 (Erythrae, iv B. C.);

ἰήϊε Παιάν A. Ag. 146

(lyr.), S.OT 154(lyr.);

ἰὼ Παιάν Id.Tr. 221

(lyr.), Ar.Ach. 1212; ὦναξ Π. E.Alc. 220, etc.; τὸν Παίωνά (better Παιῶνά)

τε καὶ τὰς Μούσας ἐπικαλούμενος Pl.Criti. 108c

, cf. Lg. 664c, A.Ag. 1248;

Πάον' ὀνκαλέοντες Sapph.

l.c.; also of other gods,

Ἀσκληπιὸς Παιών Ar. Pl. 636

, cf. Pae.Erythr.1; of Zeus at Rhodes, Hsch.; of Dionysus, Philod.Scarph.5, al., Orph.H.52.11; of Helios, ib.8.12; of Pan, ib. 12.11.

3 physician, healer,

παιὼν γενοῦ τῆσδε μερίμνης A.Ag.99

(anap.);

παιῶνα κακῶν S.Ph. 168

(anap.).

b saviour, deliverer,

ὦ θάνατε Παιάν A.Fr.255.1

, cf. E.Hipp. 1373 (anap.).

II [full] παιάν, [dialect] Ep. [full] παιήων, [dialect] Att., [dialect] Ion. [full] παιών, paean, i.e. choral song, addressed to Apollo or Artemis (the burden being ἰὴ or ἰὼ Παιάν, v. supr. 1.2), in thanksgiving for deliverance from evil,

μολπῇ θεὸν ἱλάσκοντο, καλὸν ἀείδοντες παιήονα Il.1.473

;

Κρητῶν παιήονες h.Ap. 518

;

παιᾶν' ἐπευφήμησεν A.Fr.350.4

, cf. B. 15.8, Procl. ap. Phot.Bibl.p.320 B.: hence opp. θρῆνοι, A.Ch. 343 (anap.), cf. Sch.Ar.Pl. 636 (but v. infr. 4); addressed to other gods, as to Poseidon after an earthquake, X.HG4.7.4.

2 song of triumph after victory, prop. to Apollo, Il.22.391 sq.;

ἁλώσιμος π. A.Th. 635

, etc.; also, battle-song,

παιᾶν' ἐφύμνουν σεμνὸν Ἕλληνες Id.Pers. 393

, cf. Lys.2.38, X.Cyr.4.1.6; addressed to Ares, Sch.Th.1.50; ἐξάρχειν τὸν π. or τοῦ παιᾶνος, X. Cyr.3.3.58, Plu.Rom.16;

π. ποιεῖσθαι X.HG7.4.36

.

3 any solemn song or chant, esp. on beginning an undertaking, Th.7.75 (pl.);

π. γαμήλιος Ar.Th. 1035

(lyr.);

τριτόσπονδος π. A.Ag. 247

(lyr.);

ἔγχει κἀπιβόα τρίτον παιῶνα Pherecr.131.5

, cf. Antiph.4, 85.5.

4 by oxymoron, π. Ἐρινύων, π. τοῦ θανόντος, A.Ag. 645, Ch. 151; π. στυγνός, of a dirge, E.Tr. 126 (lyr.); παιᾶνα στενάζειν ib. 577;

π. τῷ κάτωθεν θεῷ Id.Alc. 424

.

III in Prosody, paeon, a foot consisting of 3 short and 1 long syll., [pron. full] ¯ ?ΠαιάνX?ΠαιάνX?ΠαιάνX, [pron. full] ?ΠαιάνX ¯ ?ΠαιάνX?ΠαιάνX, [pron. full] ?ΠαιάνX?ΠαιάνX ¯ ?ΠαιάνX, or [pron. full] ?ΠαιάνX?ΠαιάνX?ΠαιάνX ¯, Arist.Rh. 1409a2 (in form παιάν; later παιών), Heph.3.3, etc.; also π. διάγυιος, the foot [pron. full] ¯ ?ΠαιάνX ¯ , and π. ἐπιβατός, a foot of 5 long sylls., Aristid. Quint.1.16.— Attic form: Παιών is used of the god in IG12.310.229 (v B. C.), and in codd. of [dialect] Att. Prose and Com.; παιάν is used of the song in IG22.1338.19 (i B. C.), but this may be Hellenistic; codd. have παιών in Pherecr.131.5, Ar.Th. 1035, Pl. Ion 534d, Lg. 700b, 700d, Ep. 348b (prob. also in Smp. 177a), παιάν in Antiph.4, D.19.338, Aeschin.2.162, and freq. in X., HGIl. cc., al. (cf. παιωνίζω); the metrical foot is always παιών; the [dialect] Ion. forms are παιών, Παιών, SIG57.12 (Milet., v B. C.), GDIivp.884 (Erythrae, iv B. C.):—Accentuation: Παιών (the pr. n.) An.Ox.1.276; παιών (the song) Theognost.Can.38, Eust.138.10, 1109.11, Suid.; παίων is sts. found in codd., and Παίων (the god) is right acc. to Suid. Cf. παιανίζω, -ανισμός, παιωνίζω, -ωνισμός.

πλεύμων or [full] πνεύμων, ονος, ὁ (on the form and deriv., v. sub fin.),

A the lungs,

πάγη δ' ἐν πλεύμονι χαλκός Il.4.528

, 20.486 (v.l.);

ὁ τῶν πνευμάτων τῷ σώματι ταμίας ὁ π. Pl.Ti. 84d

, cf. 70c, Arist.Resp. 476a9, LXX 3 Ki.22.34: mostly in pl., Archil.9.5, Alc.39.1, A.Th.61, S.Tr. 567, etc.;

διὰ πνευμόνων θερμὸν ἄησιν ὕπνον A.Fr. 178

A;

πνεῦμ' ἀνεὶς ἐκ πλευμόνων E.Or. 277

; regarded as the most vital part,

σπαραγμὸς.. πλευμόνων ἀνθήψατο S.Tr. 778

, cf. Ar.Lys. 367, Ra. 474; πλευμόνων πολὺς πόνος ib. 829; as the seat of love, [

Κύπρις] Διὸς τυραννεῖ πλευμόνων S.Fr.941.15

.

II sea-lungs, jelly-fish, Pl.Phlb. 21c, Arist. PA 681a18, Thphr.Sign.40, Pytheas ap. Plb.34.3.4; term of abuse applied by Epicurus to Nausiphanes, Epicur.Frr.114, 236. (Gramm. differ as to the forms. Eust. (483.10, 1436.62 ) and Phot. both recognize πλεύμων as the Homeric and ancient form; this was also the true [dialect] Att. form, Moer. p.309 P., Sch.Ar. Pax 1069, Eust.483.10; it is found in the best codd. of A.Th.61, S.Tr. 567, as well as in codd. of Alc. (l.c. ap.Ath.10.430b), Hp. (Art.41, Prog.23, al., cf. i p.cxx K.), Ar., Pl., and Arist., also in Pap., Phld.Ir.pp.27,28 W., and Inscr., IG42(1).122.56 (Epid., iv B. C.), and is doubtless the original form, which was altered in accordance with a supposed deriv. from πνεῦμα suggested by Arist.Resp. 476a9, cf. EM677.31. Cf. Lith. plaũčiai 'lungs', cogn. with πλέω, as 'that which floats', cf. Engl. lights, also lungs, cogn. with ἐλαφρός.)

πῡρᾰμίς, ίδος, ἡ,

A pyramid, Hdt.2.8, 124, D.S.1.63, Str.17.1.33, OGI666.13 (Egypt, i A.D.), etc.; as a sepulchral monument, PLips. 30.14 (iii A.D.).

2 pyramid, as a geometrical figure, Pl.Ti. 56b, Arist.Cael. 304a12, etc.

b pyramidal number, Speus. ap. Theol.Ar.62.

3 name of a farm-building, IG22.2776.16; of a fountain, Arch.Anz.26.233 ([place name] Panticapaeum).

II a sort of cake, Ephipp.13.5 (anap.); different from πυραμοῦς, acc. to Iatrocl. ap. Ath. 14.647c codd. (but dub., cf. πυραμοῦντα· τὴν πυραμίδα, Hsch.); ἡ ἐκ πυρῶν καὶ μέλιτος, ὥσπερ σησαμὶς ἡ ἐκ σησάμων καὶ μέλιτος, EM697.27. (Expld. by Gramm., etc., fr. πῦρ because pointed, Amm.Marc.22.15.29, cf. Pl.l.c.; from πυρός, St.Byz.: it is suggested that the pyramids were named from resembling a

πυραμίς 11

in shape; but the shape of a

π. 11

is unknown: the derivation from Egypt. pr-m-wś 'the height of a pyramid' is doubtful.)

σαπρό-πλουτος, ον,

A stinkingly rich, perhaps a parody on ἀρχαιόπλουτος, Antiph.224.1 (Dobree suggested σατραπόπλουτος, rich as a satrap).

σφονδυλ-ίων μυελός, ὁ,

A spinal marrow (suggested by a misunderstanding of Il.20.483), Poll.2.130.